Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is the causes of the appearance of which diseases arise, diagnosis and treatment methods.

According to world statistics, the diseases of the cardiovascular system are primarily among all the causes of mortality.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases of the circulatory system, which also acts as a factor in the development of other heart disease and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Arterial hypertension is a persistent increase in systolic blood pressure (higher) greater than 140 mm hg.Art.and/or diastolic (lower) above 90 mm hg.Art.According to the recommendations of the European Society for Arterial Hypertension and the European Cardiologists Society, the 135/85 mm Hg arterial hypertension criterion for measuring pressure is adopted.Art.And above.

The main symptoms that accompany an increase in blood pressure include headache, nausea, ears in the ears, palpitations, reduction of visual acuity, irritability, sweating.

Sometimes an increase in blood pressure can be asymptomatic.In this case, blood pressure control is required.

Variety of arterial hypertension

Before talking about the increase in blood pressure (blood pressure), it should be understood how the pressure should be normal.For each person, the blood pressure values are individual.However, there is a generally accepted classification of blood pressure.

• Optimal, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm hg.Art. And the diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm hg.Art. 
• Normal, where the values of higher blood pressure are between 120 and 129 and lower values from 80 to 84 mm hg.Art.
• High normal, where the values of higher blood pressure are between 130 and 139 mm hg in the interval.Art.and lower in the interval from 85 to 89 mm hg.Art.

Arterial hypertension is divided on the basis of the degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained during pressure measurement.

Arterial pressure of the 1st degree-Sistolo 140-159 mm hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm hg.Art.

Blood pressure of 2nd grade-sistol 160-179 mm hg.Art.and/or blood pressure diastolic 100-109 mm hg.Art.

Blood pressure of 3rd degree-snique 180 and more mm hg.Art.and/or blood pressure diastolic 110 and more mm hg.Art.

Hypertension arterial isolated separately isolated, when only systolic blood pressure increases by over 140 mm hg.St and the diastolic remains within normal values.

Causes of increased blood pressure

It is believed that most patients with high pressure suffers Primary Arterial hypertension, whose development cannot be associated with specific causes.This is essential arterial hypertension so called, which occurs more often in age related patients.

In other cases, when a certain cause of pressure is revealed, they mean secondary Arterial hypertension.

Among the main causes that lead to secondary arterial hypertension, they distinguish:

1. Reti and blood vessels.These pathologies lead to a decrease in the intensity of the blood flow in the kidneys and, consequently, to the release of the gems of substances that contribute to increasing blood pressure and compensation for the altered renal blood flow.Chronic renal disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolitiasis: these diseases can lead to the development of arterial hypertension.Among the diseases of the blood vessels, the narrowing (stenosis) of the kidney arteries is often noticed, which can be congenital pathology or occur with atherosclerosis in adulthood. 

2. Different Endocrine diseases bring to the development of arterial hypertension and other related symptoms.For example, with tireotoxicosis, theProduction of thyroid hormones has improved, which is accompanied by the appearance of a goiter (an increase in the gland itself), an increase in systolic pressure, a heartbeat, an increase in increasingness and a decrease in body weight.With hypothyroidism, thyroid hormones products are reduced.The pathologies are accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and altered relaxation of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, which leads to an increase in the peripheral resistance of the blood vessels.This helps to increase blood pressure.These patients are characterized by an increase in diastolic pressure, a slowdown in the wrist, weakness and rapid fatigue.With fehochromocytoma (adrenal glands), the release of catecholamine (adrenaline, norepinephrine) increases in the blood, which leads to strong jumps in blood pressure to very high values.Arterial hypertension is a frequent satellite of obesity.Adipose tissue cells (adipocytes) produce biologically active substances that affect the entire body as a whole and, in particular, on the vessels.Furthermore, do not forget that the "extra" tissue must also be the blood flow and this leads to an additional load on the cardiovascular system. 
3. Different Heart disease and blood vessels They can lead to high blood pressure.For example, aorta coarration is a local narrowing of the aortic lumen, more often congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic narrowing of ships. 
4. Pregnancy (preeclampsia). 
5. Arterial hypertension when you take a little medicines: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

It should be remembered of the factors that contribute to the development of arterial hypertension: hereditary predisposition, prolonged nervous overtention, frequent stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoke, alcohol and coffee abuse, the consumption of a large amount of salt and fatty foods.

What diseases does arterial hypertension occur?

Arterial hypertension is divided on the basis of the degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained during pressure measurement.

We will indicate some of them.

• Atherosclerosis, including kidney arteries. 
• The injury of the kidney vessels (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, compression of kidney vessels with cancer or organ). 
• Chronic pyelonefrite. 
• Chronic glomerulonefrite. 
• Chronic renal disease. 
• Thyroid diseases (hypo- and hyperthyroidism). 
• Izenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome. 
• Feocromocytoma. 
• Primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Metabolic syndrome. 
• Aorta coercion. 
• Preeclampsia.

What doctors contact when they increase blood pressure?

To identify the causes of the increase in pressure, it is necessary to initially contact the therapist.The doctor will carry out an exam and prescribe the necessary quantity of specialists' exams and consultations.Among them it can be:

• Cardiologist; 
• endocrinologist; 
• neurologist; 
• surgeon; 
• Ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination with increasing blood pressure

First of all, the car is needed -Blood pressure at home to maintain a diary, in which all measurements of pressure in time, taking drugs and stress episodes should be fixed, which could cause an increase in blood pressure.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients in the first phase of the exam:

• Clinical blood test;
• General urine analysis;
• Biochemical blood test (cholesterol control; lipoproteins are very low; and high density to evaluate the risk of atherosclerosis, electrolytes in the blood - potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatinine levels; blood sugar levels);
• blood test for the level of glyted hemoglobin; 
• A blood test for the content of hormones (Th4 - T4; Triiodotironine - T3; Tyreotropic hormone - TSH; thyroid antibodies -Peroxidase; thyroidoglobulin antibodies).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe a complex of laboratory and instrumental examination methods:

• Daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
• Electrocardiographic study; 
• echocardiography; 
• Daily monitoring of Holter; 
• Duplex scan of brachyocephalic, 
• Renal/iliary arteries and lamps; 
• Ultrasound study of the kidneys and adrenal glands; 
• Study of the bottom of the eyes.

Treatment of arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a disease, the development of which depends on many factors, and therefore the first recommendation in the correction of high pressure is a change in lifestyle.

Firstly, they make changes to the diet: they limit the consumption of canned and finished products, sauces and mayonnaise and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to food.

The menu should include more fresh vegetables, fruit and dairy products -Caseari.Alcohol and smoke should also be limited.

In the presence of excess body weight and absence of contraindications, a diet is used.The moderate physical effort regular by at least half an hour a day contributes to the normalization of the vascular tone.

We should not expect a quick effect from the diet and physical education.However, at the beginning of the disease, these actions that can play a positive role.

Depending on the stadium and the degree of the disease, drug therapy is prescribed.In clinical practice, several groups of drugs are used to treat arterial hypertension:

• diuretics (diuretics); 
• beta-blockers; 
• Football channel antagonists; 
• Angiotenzinzinzinzinoproding (IC) enzyme inhibitors; 
• Anatagonists of the angiotensin II receptor; 
• Central drugs.

Depending on the cause of the development and course of the disease, as well as related diseases, the doctor prescribes an individual treatment regime.The therapy selected by the attending physician, the constant use of drugs and a change in lifestyle will help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

The pressure must not be quickly reduced: in the first two hours during assistance, blood pressure should decrease no more than 20% of the high -level initial level.

When blood pressure has increased moderately, but stable general well -being (there are no other symptoms), you should try to fall asleep or lie down with your eyes closed.If after rest the pressure remains high, it is necessary to take drugs recommended by the attending physician.

If an increase in blood pressure is accompanied by serious headaches, dizziness, lack of breath, visual compromise, pain, nausea or vomiting, it is necessary to cause an ambulance.